{"id":324,"date":"2012-10-14T11:25:04","date_gmt":"2012-10-14T02:25:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/wunderkammer.oops.jp\/main\/?p=324"},"modified":"2012-10-14T11:25:17","modified_gmt":"2012-10-14T02:25:17","slug":"%e7%ac%ac%ef%bc%92%e7%ab%a0%e3%80%80the-peoples-liberation-armys-navy-of-china-its-strategies-and-impacts-on-the-neighbors","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wunderkammer.oops.jp\/main\/archives\/324","title":{"rendered":"\u7b2c\uff12\u7ae0\u3000The People\u2019s Liberation Army\u2019s Navy of China: Its Strategies and Impacts on the Neighbors"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Chapter2: History of the PLAN and Its Missions<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>To discuss how the PLAN has developed is important in this research.\u00a0 Without comparing with its past, it is hard to understand how rapidly the PLAN is developing in recent years, and how much its strategy has changed.\u00a0 Briefly, the PLAN experienced two very different periods: Mao Zedong\u2019s period, and post-Mao\u2019s period.<\/p>\n<p>1)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Mao\u2019s Period<\/p>\n<p>As Bernard D. Cole declared, \u201cthe Communist victory in 1949 was an Army victory.\u201d <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cole,16.\u00a0 Moreover, most wars that the Communist government had experienced during the Mao\u2019s period were land wars (Cole, 8).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 The Communist party had only an army through the civil war.\u00a0 Even though the Japanese came from the ocean during 1930s-first 1940s, the main battlefield was the Chinese land, so that the Chinese did not have any sufficient naval power. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">If China had had the strong naval power, it might be able to suffer the Japanese military forces, by blockading the supply line from Japan to the continent.\u00a0 However, China could not afford it with&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_2');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 After the civil war, the Communist party established the first navy (the East China People\u2019s Navy) to compete with the Kuomintang (Nationalist) Navy in Taiwan, and soon it modified into People\u2019s Liberation Army\u2019s Navy in 1950 with the assistance of the Soviet Union. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cole, 17.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 As symbolizing the Navy\u2019s position under the Army, the first commander of the PLAN was Xiao Jingguang, who was a revolutionary officer with no experience in navy. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cole, 17.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 At that time, the Kuomintang Navy was superior to the PLAN, so PLAN\u2019s main mission was only to defend the coastal line with the pragmatic strategy. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cole, 16.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 Simultaneously, however, the Communist government\u2019s final goal was to seize Taiwan. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cole, 18.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 It is, from the Chinese viewpoint, a province, not a state.\u00a0 In Taiwan, there are people who share the Chinese culture, so that they should be under the same central government (in this case, under the Communist Party).\u00a0 Mao claimed that a strong navy was needed to defeat the imperialists, but there were many problems to accomplish its goal. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cole, 162-163.\u00a0 It does not mean that Mao wanted the blue ocean fleets.\u00a0 The Korean War did not change the leaders\u2019 viewpoint that the coastal defense was enough to counter against the American&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_7');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 First of all, the Navy did not have modern ships and trained personnel. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cole, 19.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 Most ships were collected from the Navy of Republic of China and the commercial vessels with various mechanisms from various countries. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Yoichi Hiyama, \u201cDevelopment of Chinese Navy Ch.4,\u201d Laboratory of History-Strategy-National Security, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.bea.hi-ho.ne.jp\/hirama\/yh_ronbun_kenkan_c_4.html.<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 Moreover, the plan to purchase vessels from foreign countries was failed as the Korean War broke out. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[10]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cole, 17.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 Most personnel are from the PLA, and had never been trained as naval men.\u00a0 This situation was also caused by the lack of naval experience for almost a hundred years.<\/p>\n<p>In addition, Mao\u2019s preferences strongly influenced the PLAN. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[11]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cole, 20.\u00a0 Also, Thomas M. Kane, Chinese Grand Strategy and Maritime Power (London: Frank Cass, 2002), 62.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 Because the Maoists had emphasized more on the soldier\u2019s ideological spirit than the modernization of military, the PLAN could not develop its size and weaponry. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[12]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cole, 23.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 As mentioned above, the Navy needed both trained personnel and modern vessels; with Maoism, the PLAN could get neither.\u00a0 Moreover, becoming the nuclear power influenced the naval modernization. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[13]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cole, 23.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 If a state has the nuclear weapons, it gets the deterrence against foreign states.\u00a0 In other words, no state wants to risk being target of a nuclear weapon; therefore it could be the perfect deterrent.\u00a0 Even though submarines could have an important role in the nuclear strategy, this new weapon did not contribute to the actual development of the Navy. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[14]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cole, 23.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 The leaders thought the strong Army and the nuclear power were enough to defend China.<\/p>\n<p>At last, the Communist government itself was unstable during 1950s-1970s. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[15]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">In 1953, China\u2019s First-Five-Year Plan began.\u00a0 It is the Soviet model collectivization of farms and industries.\u00a0 It had changed the Chinese economic system.\u00a0 Also during the early 1950s,&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_15');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 In such situation, it is hard to develop a modern navy for China.\u00a0 In short, the theory of People\u2019s War was adopted as the naval strategy in this period; the coastal defense was the major goal of the PLAN, and the lack of modernized vessels and trained personnel was caused by the Korean War and domestic instability. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_16');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[16]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Hasegawa, 298.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 But these burdens had mostly eliminated after 1976 with both domestic and international changes.<\/p>\n<p>2)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Post-Mao\u2019s Period<\/p>\n<p>Under an increasing threat from the Soviet\u2019s Navy, and supported by domestic stability under Deng Xiaoping, the PLAN finally was able to take on an important role in China\u2019s security strategy.\u00a0 First, the Soviet power became the serious threat after the split of 1960. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_17');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_17');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[17]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_17\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">This event caused the end of Soviet assistance.\u00a0 Yoichi Hiyama, \u201cDevelopment of Chinese Navy Ch.6,\u201d Laboratory of History-Strategy-National Security,&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_17');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_17').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_17', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 Under Admiral Sergei Gorshkov, whose theory was that strong navy is the basis to be the super power, the Soviet Union attempted to build a strong fleet which covered all over the world. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_18');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_18');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[18]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_18\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cole, 164.\u00a0 Also, Peter Howarth, China\u2019s Raising Sea Power: the PLA Navy\u2019s Submarine Challenge (London: Frank Cass, 2006), 26.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_18').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_18', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 With this increasing threat from the Soviet Navy, the Chinese leaders started to consider the protection of its sea-lane and natural resources under the water, as its economy grew. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_19');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_19');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[19]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_19\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cole, 26.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_19').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_19', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 In addition, after the Vietnam War, the leaders changed its strategy from guerrilla warfare to modernization. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_20');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_20');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[20]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_20\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Hasegawa, 298.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_20').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_20', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 The government finally realized the importance of modern weapons, and fortunately they could afford to modernize the military at that time.\u00a0 Moreover, this was the first time China concerned on the dispute territory connecting with the natural resources. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_21');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_21');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[21]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_21\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cole, 164.\u00a0 Also, Kane, 63.\u00a0 In 1980s, PLAN showed its intention to seize islands in the South China Sea (Cole, 25).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_21').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_21', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 The modernization of the PLAN and the expansion of its activities accreted in 1980s.<\/p>\n<p>Again, how the party leaders see the PLAN and the importance of maritime affairs influences its size and strategy.\u00a0 For example, because the leaders think the maritime communication is important economically, and the future war would be naval, the PLAN seems to receive quite a big amount of budget, even though the PLAN is relatively small in size compared with whole PLA. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_22');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_22');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[22]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_22\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cole, 68, 180.\u00a0 Also, You Ji, \u201cChina\u2019s Naval Strategy and Transformation,\u201d in The Evolving Maritime Balance of Power in the Asia-Pacific: Maritime Doctrines and Nuclear Weapons at Sea, ed.&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_22');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_22').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_22', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 Military modernization is another example of the political influence over the military affairs.\u00a0 Because the Communist government is afraid the foreign interventions that is for human right issues, environmental issues and Taiwan issues, the PLA seeks the modernization of defense system. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_23');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_23');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[23]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_23\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Lal, 91-94.\u00a0 It can be the proof that the Chinese government thinks the nuclear power would not deter the conventional war anymore.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_23').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_23', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 Nevertheless, a fear of losing the political power forms the government\u2019s basic strategies. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_24');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_24');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[24]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_24\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">US Office of the Secretary of Defense, 6.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_24').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_24', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 The Communists\u2019 ideology does not provide national unity anymore, because of the collapse of the Soviet Union, economic reforms in China and the Tiananmen demonstrations. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_25');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_25');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[25]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_25\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Lal, 63.\u00a0 Also, Erica Strecker Downs and Phillip C. Saunders, \u201cLegitimacy and the Limits of Nationalism: China and the Dioayn Islands,\u201d in The Rise of China, ed. Michael E. Brown (Cambridge: The&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_25');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_25').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_25', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 For the legitimacy of the government, the Communist Party must find new strategies to boost people\u2019s support.\u00a0 For example, even though the economic reforms that are based on the free market system pose a different direction from the communists\u2019 ideology, the government needs to advance them to sustain its legitimacy. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_26');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_26');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_26\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[26]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_26\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Lal, 65-68.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_26').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_26', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 The military strength is used in the same way.\u00a0 Since nationalism prevails among the Chinese, the Communist government has to show its ability as the great state through its military strength.\u00a0 In addition, Chinese self-image is also important because it is the basis how China behaves.\u00a0 As mentioned in chapter1, the Chinese people think their country has been a great power over its history.\u00a0 This perspective is enhanced by the rapid economic development and taking important roles in many occasions such as the recent six-party talks on Korea or in the ASEAN organization.\u00a0 Therefore, the Chinese leaders naturally think that military power needs to be advanced as China gains increasing status in international society and the national interest. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_27');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_27');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_27\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[27]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_27\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">US Office of the Secretary of Defense, 7.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_27').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_27', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 Perhaps, they also might think the guerilla warfare would not suit with the mighty China, because it is supposed to be the tactics of the weak.\u00a0 China is not weak anymore.\u00a0 In short, the Chinese policy on the oceans is influenced by its trade driven economic development and nationalism.<\/p>\n<p>The discussion on the naval development strategy, the importance of maritime communication, and the defense of interest in oceans became intense in the1980s. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_28');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_28');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_28\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[28]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_28\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Hasegawa, 298-299.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_28').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_28', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 In the 1990s, the coastal defense strategy expanded to the offshore defense strategy as the Chinese economy and the maritime communication had expanded. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_29');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_29');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_29\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[29]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_29\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">US Office of Naval Intelligence, China\u2019s Navy 2007 (Washington D.C.: GPO, 2007), 24-25.\u00a0 Also, Hasegawa, 299.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_29').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_29', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 The PLAN\u2019s missions in the offshore defense are to defend against invasion from ocean, to protect its territory and maritime interest, and to unify the motherland (Taiwan). <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_30');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_30');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_30\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[30]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_30\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">US Office of Naval Intelligence, 25.\u00a0 Also, Hasegawa, 302.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_30').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_30', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 More broadly, China sets three-steps to their strategic goals.\u00a0 The first goal is to have ability to win middle-size limited war by 2005; then the second is to have a space defense system by 2015; and the third is to have military power which can have an influence on international affairs as the United States by 2050.\u00a0\u00a0 <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_31');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_31');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_31\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[31]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_31\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Hasegawa, 198.\u00a0 In the National Defense of China 2006, this three-step goal is written in more ambiguous language.\u00a0 For example, the first step is \u201cto lay a solid foundation\u201d of modernization&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_31');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_31').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_31', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 Even though the second step does not relate with the Navy, the other two steps cannot be achieved without the naval power.\u00a0 The PLAN\u2019s role in the Chinese grand strategy is significant.\u00a0 In other words, the naval strategy is central to the national strategy for China today.<\/p>\n<p>However, because the PLA is the military for the Party, it cannot abandon the slogan of \u201cPeople\u2019s War,\u201d so that the theory of Communism and Socialism could be a burden on the military development and modernization, as it was during the Mao\u2019s period. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_32');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_32');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_32\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[32]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_32\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Hasegawa, 293.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_32').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_32', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 In other words, if the PLA ever abandons the slogan, the military force is not under the Party anymore, and such situation would happen only after the huge social changes.\u00a0 Right now, the modernization of the military is in tension with the Army\u2019s ideology as much as the economic system is.<\/p>\n<p>The officer who had most influence on new strategy is Liu Huaqing, who was the Commander-in-Chief of PLAN from 1982 to 1988 and the vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission to 1997. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_33');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_33');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_33\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[33]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_33\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cole, 26, 165-166.\u00a0 Also, Howarth, 25-26, and Kane, 62.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_33').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_33', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 Liu was originally from the PLA\u2019s Second Field Army, which characteristics were pro-modernization and professionalism under the party commissar, Deng Xiaoping. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_34');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_34');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_34\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[34]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_34\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Howarth, 25.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_34').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_34', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 He studied in Leningrad in early 1950s under Gorshkov. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_35');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_35');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_35\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[35]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_35\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Howarth, 26.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_35').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_35', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 Influenced by him, Liu claimed that the oceans are getting more strategic importance; the maritime affairs are essential for the national economy, and to support the affairs, the strong navy is needed. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_36');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_36');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_36\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[36]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_36\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Hirama, \u201cThe Security Issues of Northeast Asia.\u201d <\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_36').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_36', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>Liu determined two important lines for the Chinese naval strategy.\u00a0 They are called the First Island Chain and the Second Island Chain (Figure2).\u00a0 These lines are still basic concepts today.\u00a0 The First Island Chain is from Japan to the Philippines along the Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_37');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_37');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_37\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[37]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_37\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cole, 166.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_37').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_37', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 For the PLAN, this line could be called the strategic zone, or the lebensraum, because there is a territorially ambiguous area along the Chinese border where many states insist sovereignty over islands and borders, and this area is the life line to keep the sea-lane safe, to sustain economic development, therefore to keep society stable under the communist Party.\u00a0 Today, China still does not control the whole of it, because of the presence of Japan, Taiwan and the U.S. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_38');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_38');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_38\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[38]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_38\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Howarth, 86.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_38').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_38', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 To control this line is the most important mission for the PLAN to accomplish the national security goal. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_39');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_39');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_39\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[39]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_39\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">The PLA\u2019s mission is to provide \u00ecthe guarantee for maintaining China\u2019s security and unity, and realizing the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way (People\u2019s&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_39');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_39').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_39', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>The second Island Chain is from Japan to Australia through the Marianas. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_40');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_40');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_40\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[40]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_40\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cole, 166.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_40').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_40', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 Since China does not control the First Island Chain yet, Beijing plans it might be about 2020 to seize the control of this area. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_41');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_41');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_41\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[41]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_41\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cole, 166.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_41').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_41', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 Of course, it will be hard to achieve for the PLAN.\u00a0 The PLAN\u2019s intention to expand its power over this area means that the United States would withdraw from Asia, and Japan would just see the American withdrawal without any action. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_42');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_42');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_42\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[42]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_42\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Howarth, 42.\u00a0 Also, Cole, 167.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_42').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_42', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 In today\u2019s situation, this is unlikely to happen.\u00a0 China has too many obstacles: the U.S. and Japan.\u00a0 Moreover, China would also have to seize Taiwan first to control the first Islands Chain.\u00a0 In any case, it is sure that China is trying to control the two lines.<\/p>\n<p>With these concepts, the structure of the PLAN seems to be based on the First Islands Chain.\u00a0 The PLAN has five branches (submarines, surface forces, naval aviation, coastal defense, and marine crops) in three fleets-North Sea Fleet, East Sea Fleet, and South Sea Fleet. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_43');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_43');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_43\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[43]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_43\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cole, 82-23.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_43').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_43', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 The North Sea Fleet covers northern half of Yellow Sea, the East Sea Fleet\u2019s area of responsibility is the southern half of the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, and the Taiwan Strait, and the South Sea Fleet covers the South China Sea to Vietnam. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_44');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_44');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_44\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[44]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_44\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">US Office of Naval Intelligence,1.\u00a0 Also Cole, 82-23.\u00a0 See Figure3.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_44').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_44', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 Each fleet has important roles.\u00a0 For example, the North Sea Fleet is nearest to Russia, South Korea, Japan, and the U.S. Navy based in Japan.\u00a0 Taiwan is in the area where the East Sea Fleet has responsibility.\u00a0 At last, the South Sea Fleet covers the dispute islands in the South China Sea such as Spratly Islands.\u00a0 Tactically, the PLAN might take sea blockade, anti-sea-lanes campaign against the enemy, landing on the enemy\u2019s territory campaign, antiship campaign, Chinese sea-lane defense, and naval base defense with these three fleets. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_45');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_45');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_45\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[45]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_45\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">US Office of Naval Intelligence, 27.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_45').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_45', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>As a whole, the most important trend of PLAN\u2019s mobilization is deployment of modern submarines. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_46');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_46');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_46\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[46]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_46\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Eight new submarines in 2005, and seven in 2006.\u00a0 Many of them are from Russia (O\u2019Rourke, 8).\u00a0 Today, most Chinese submarines are old, noisy and slow, even though its number is large.\u00a0 New&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_46');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_46').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_46', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 Submarines are different from other ships because of their stealth and surprise tactics. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_47');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_47');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_47\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[47]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_47\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Karl Lautenschlager, \u201cThe Submarine in Naval Warfare, 1901-2001,\u201d International Security 11, no.2 (1986-1987): 94, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/proxy.mbc.edu:2054\/search\/AdvancedSearch.<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_47').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_47', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 These tactics allow submarines to harass the maritime commerce and to deploy the nuclear ballistic missiles, besides other basic missions such as coastal defense. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_48');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_48');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_48\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[48]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_48\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Lauthenschlager, 101-102.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_48').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_48', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 With these reasons, deploying of submarines by China has tremendous impact on its neighbor states, because they might threat on their sea-lane and cities without being noticed.\u00a0 In short, their mission is independent from the actual control of the seas. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_49');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_49');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_49\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[49]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_49\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Lauthenschlager, 109.\u00a0 Also, Howarth, 69.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_49').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_49', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 Even though a state has the maritime control militarily, submarines can sneak in.\u00a0 To prevent it, a state has to have the modern anti-submarine sonar sufficiently.<\/p>\n<p>The Chinese fleets, including both submarines and surface ships, are aimed to gain these Chinese national interests: protection of the sea-Lane and coastal defense, natural resources in ocean, and territorial sovereignty.\u00a0 The rest of this chapter will focus on each of them.<\/p>\n<p>a) Protection of Sea-Lane and Coastal Defense<\/p>\n<p>Protection of the sea-lanes and coastal defense has become more important as the Chinese economy has grown.\u00a0 Because the Chinese government gains legitimacy through this economic boom, the government wants to sustain the growth.\u00a0 Today, China is one of the largest exporting and importing countries in the world. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_50');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_50');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_50\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[50]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_50\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">China is ranked as the third in both exports and imports of merchandise.\u00a0 World Trade Organization, \u201cTrade Profile: China,\u201d World Trade organization,&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_50');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_50').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_50', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 Moreover, the mass production as the world\u2019s factory is based on the energy.\u00a0 In other words, \u201cno energy, no products.\u201d\u00a0 Therefore, Chinese strategy is influenced by the high degree of energy dependence on the foreign countries. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_51');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_51');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_51\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[51]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_51\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">US Office of the Secretary of Defense, 8.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_51').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_51', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>Security on import of oil is most important because oil is absolutely needed for the economy of China. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_52');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_52');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_52\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[52]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_52\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Coal is the easiest energy resource for China (actually 70% of primary energy are from coal) since China is self- sufficient in it.\u00a0 However, it causes serious environmental problems such as air&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_52');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_52').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_52', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 China did not need to import oil till 1993; now, China is the second biggest importer of it following the United States. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_53');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_53');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_53\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[53]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_53\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Calder, 3.\u00a0 Also, Kane, 64.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_53').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_53', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 Even though China actually has huge amounts of oil (and coal), it is still not efficient because of the lack of infrastructure and the investment. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_54');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_54');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_54\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[54]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_54\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Calder, 5-6.\u00a0 According to Cole, China is the fifth largest oil producer (Cole, 55).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_54').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_54', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 So, importing from other states is much easier.\u00a0 Moreover, because of the economic growth, the affluent Chinese consume more energy than before.\u00a0 This situation that oil is dependent on the sea-lane is the major concern for many Chinese.\u00a0 Of course, the sea-lane is not only for oil.\u00a0 It is also for the trade of products.\u00a0 Because the major imports come from the Persian Gulf, the defense of the sea-lane that passes through the Indian Ocean, the Strait of Malacca, and the South China Sea is crucial for PLAN. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_55');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_55');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_55\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[55]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_55\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Howarth, 26.\u00a0 In addition, this line connects the trade with Europe, too.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_55').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_55', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 Especially the Strait of Malacca is important because there might be a possible terrorist attack there aimed to destroy the economic system in the world.\u00a0 At the same time, the presence of the US Navy is uncomfortable for China.\u00a0 The US Navy controls over the sea-lane and if it wants, it is possible to blockade the Chinese trade line. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_56');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_56');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_56\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[56]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_56\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Calder, 10.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_56').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_56', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 Since it is easy to estimate that China will need more oil for its economic growth, and that Chinese dependence on the sea-lane will increase as the amounts of trade increase, China tries to insure its security.\u00a0 Being blockaded is a nightmare for the Communist government, so that it is logical strategy to make the Navy capable to secure the sea-lane and its maritime commerce.\u00a0 In addition, protecting the sea-lane means protecting the coastline, because it is the one end of the sea-lane. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_57');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_57');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_57\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[57]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_57\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cole, 169.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_57').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_57', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 Since most big cities are located along the coast, protecting them against direct attack and blockade derives from the same reason of protection of the sea-lane.\u00a0 Potential destruction of these centers of commerce is also a nightmare for the Chinese government.<\/p>\n<p>b) Natural Resources in Ocean<\/p>\n<p>The natural resources under the water are another reason why the PLAN is expanding its mission.\u00a0 Such resources especially petroleum and natural gas might fulfill the shortage of energy resources. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_58');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_58');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_58\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[58]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_58\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cole, 55.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_58').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_58', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 Furthermore, because the Chinese worry about the dependence on the sea-lane which is under the US control, having energy providers in its own territory seems a good idea.\u00a0 Both the East and South China Seas are said to have tremendous amounts of natural resources. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_59');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_59');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_59\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[59]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_59\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cole, 58-59.\u00a0 According to Hasegawa, it is said that there is a large amount of petroleum (25 billions tons) and natural gas (8,400 billions cubic meter) in the East China Sea (Hasegawa, 288).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_59').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_59', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 If the PLAN could control these areas completely, China could get stable reserves of natural resources.\u00a0 Moreover, the international instability causes anxiety in China.\u00a0 Russia is a possible provider of oil, because it is close to China and there is no need to depend on the US dominated sea-lane.\u00a0 But Russia is still unstable and its infrastructure is wearing out.\u00a0 Imports from Central Asian states cause the same concern, as does the Middle East. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_60');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_60');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_60\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[60]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_60\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cole, 62.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_60').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_60', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 China wants to find a stable natural resources provider.\u00a0 In addition to energy resources, the seas provide food.\u00a0 China is the world\u2019s biggest seafood producer today, and it is predictable that there are more needs as both economy and population grows. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_61');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_61');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_61\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[61]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_61\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cole, 64.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_61').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_61', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 The Chinese government itself is trying to preserve East and South China Seas from overfishing, but the need for seafood keeps growing. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_62');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_62');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_62\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[62]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_62\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cole, 38.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_62').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_62', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 Thus, China might need to expand its fishery area into outer oceans.\u00a0 Actually, China has many fishing disputes with its neighbors.\u00a0 In any case, the Chinese government finds the importance in the oceanic territory.\u00a0 As the security reason, controlling more sea territory seems better to sustain the economy and population.<\/p>\n<p>c) Territorial sovereignty<\/p>\n<p>At last, the territorial sovereignty is one of the major missions of the PLAN.\u00a0 The PLA officers have strong feelings that they are defending the Chinese territory and the national interests. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_63');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_63');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_63\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[63]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_63\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cole, 133.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_63').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_63', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 Furthermore, some Chinese claim the Chinese sovereignty over small islands and oceanic territory regardless how the international laws define them. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_64');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_64');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_64\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[64]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_64\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cole, 30.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_64').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_64', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 This feeling might grow with the Chinese nationalism: taking back the missing territory proves China\u2019s might and economic growth.\u00a0 In addition, since today\u2019s international law determines the right of economical activities around the islands, there is more chance to expand the right over the natural resources.<\/p>\n<p>The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which China ratified in 1996, determines a contiguous zone as area where a state can control in certain cases of security, an exclusive economic zone as area where a state can exploit the economic rights, and a continental shelf as the sea-bed beyond the territorial sea with the right of exploitation of natural resources (but states have no right on the surface and airspace above the continental shelf). <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_65');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_65');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_65\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[65]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_65\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cole, 31-32.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_65').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_65', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 With this law, having sovereignty over islands means that a state can gain tremendous economic benefits.\u00a0 Combining the nationalism and the economic reason, the PLAN has preceded the claim sovereignty over the dispute areas and then actually occupied them. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_66');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_66');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_66\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[66]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_66\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">There is the pattern that the PLAN takes to get the control over the dispute areas: claim of sovereignty, research, deployment of fleets, and then actual occupation (Hasegawa, 315).\u00a0 Also, the&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_66');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_66').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_66', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 Moreover, to affirm Chinese sovereignty over disputed islands, the government passed \u201cLaw on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone\u201d in 1992, which includes Taiwan, the Penghu, Dangsha, Senkaku(Diaoyu), Paracel, Spratly and other islands in the South China Sea as Chinese territory. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_67');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_324_1('footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_67');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_67\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[67]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_67\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cole, 34.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_67').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_324_1_67', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 Most disputes with other neighbors are islands in the East and South China Seas where is important for the security of the sea-lane and the coast, and natural resources.<\/p>\n<p>These are reasons why the PLAN expands its activities.\u00a0 Since both East and South China Seas are not so big, such activities of the PLAN have influences on the other states in Asia which also consider the benefit and security of the seas as important.\u00a0 From next chapter, how this PLAN\u2019s strategy and activities have impact on the neighbor states will be discussed.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_324_1();\">References<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_324_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_324_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_324_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">References<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cole,16.\u00a0 Moreover, most wars that the Communist government had experienced during the Mao\u2019s period were land wars (Cole, 8).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">If China had had the strong naval power, it might be able to suffer the Japanese military forces, by blockading the supply line from Japan to the continent.\u00a0 However, China could not afford it with the unstable society. Later the United States did this instead of China during the Second World War.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi\" ><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_3');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3,<\/a> <a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_4');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4,<\/a> <a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_10');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cole, 17.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cole, 16.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cole, 18.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cole, 162-163.\u00a0 It does not mean that Mao wanted the blue ocean fleets.\u00a0 The Korean War did not change the leaders\u2019 viewpoint that the coastal defense was enough to counter against the American invasion (Cole, 163).\u00a0 In other words, Mao wanted a strong defense navy, which was enough to conquer Taiwan.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cole, 19.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Yoichi Hiyama, \u201cDevelopment of Chinese Navy Ch.4,\u201d Laboratory of History-Strategy-National Security, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.bea.hi-ho.ne.jp\/hirama\/yh_ronbun_kenkan_c_4.html.<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cole, 20.\u00a0 Also, Thomas M. Kane, Chinese Grand Strategy and Maritime Power (London: Frank Cass, 2002), 62.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi\" ><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_12');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12,<\/a> <a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_13\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_13');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13,<\/a> <a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_14\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_14');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cole, 23.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_15');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_15\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">In 1953, China\u2019s First-Five-Year Plan began.\u00a0 It is the Soviet model collectivization of farms and industries.\u00a0 It had changed the Chinese economic system.\u00a0 Also during the early 1950s, intellectuals became the target of suppression.\u00a0 This movement is called the Hundred Flowers Campaign, and caused the collapse in education system.\u00a0 In the late 1950s, Mao advocated the Great Leap Forward, which caused disaster.\u00a0 During 1958 to 1962, 20-30 millions of people died for starvation.\u00a0 Because of this, Mao\u2019s political power was declining in the early 1960s, but he came back to his position by leading the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, which lasted until Mao\u2019s death in 1976.\u00a0 As a whole, these movements destroyed education system, executed intellectuals and political leaders, and caused social instability (Albert Craig, The Heritage of Chinese Civilization, 2nd ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Peason, 2007), 166-170).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi\" ><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_16\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_16');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16,<\/a> <a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_20\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_20');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>20<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Hasegawa, 298.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_17');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_17\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">This event caused the end of Soviet assistance.\u00a0 Yoichi Hiyama, \u201cDevelopment of Chinese Navy Ch.6,\u201d Laboratory of History-Strategy-National Security, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.bea.hi-ho.ne.jp\/hirama\/yh_ronbun_kenkan_c_6.html.<\/span><br \/>\n<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_18');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_18\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cole, 164.\u00a0 Also, Peter Howarth, China\u2019s Raising Sea Power: the PLA Navy\u2019s Submarine Challenge (London: Frank Cass, 2006), 26.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_19');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_19\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cole, 26.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_21');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_21\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>21<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cole, 164.\u00a0 Also, Kane, 63.\u00a0 In 1980s, PLAN showed its intention to seize islands in the South China Sea (Cole, 25).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_22');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_22\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>22<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cole, 68, 180.\u00a0 Also, You Ji, \u201cChina\u2019s Naval Strategy and Transformation,\u201d in The Evolving Maritime Balance of Power in the Asia-Pacific: Maritime Doctrines and Nuclear Weapons at Sea, ed. Lawrence W. Parabhakar, Joshua H. Ho and Sam Bateman (Singapore: Institute of Defense and Strategic Studies, 2006), 80.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_23');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_23\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>23<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Lal, 91-94.\u00a0 It can be the proof that the Chinese government thinks the nuclear power would not deter the conventional war anymore.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_24');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_24\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>24<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">US Office of the Secretary of Defense, 6.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_25');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_25\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>25<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Lal, 63.\u00a0 Also, Erica Strecker Downs and Phillip C. Saunders, \u201cLegitimacy and the Limits of Nationalism: China and the Dioayn Islands,\u201d in The Rise of China, ed. Michael E. Brown (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2000), 44-45.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_26');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_26\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>26<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Lal, 65-68.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_27');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_27\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>27<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">US Office of the Secretary of Defense, 7.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_28');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_28\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>28<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Hasegawa, 298-299.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_29');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_29\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>29<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">US Office of Naval Intelligence, China\u2019s Navy 2007 (Washington D.C.: GPO, 2007), 24-25.\u00a0 Also, Hasegawa, 299.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_30');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_30\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>30<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">US Office of Naval Intelligence, 25.\u00a0 Also, Hasegawa, 302.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_31');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_31\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>31<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Hasegawa, 198.\u00a0 In the National Defense of China 2006, this three-step goal is written in more ambiguous language.\u00a0 For example, the first step is \u201cto lay a solid foundation\u201d of modernization (People\u2019s Liberation Army, Section2).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_32');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_32\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>32<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Hasegawa, 293.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_33');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_33\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>33<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cole, 26, 165-166.\u00a0 Also, Howarth, 25-26, and Kane, 62.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_34');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_34\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>34<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Howarth, 25.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_35');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_35\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>35<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Howarth, 26.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_36');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_36\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>36<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Hirama, \u201cThe Security Issues of Northeast Asia.\u201d <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi\" ><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_37\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_37');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>37,<\/a> <a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_40\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_40');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>40,<\/a> <a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_41\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_41');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>41<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cole, 166.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_38');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_38\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>38<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Howarth, 86.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_39');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_39\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>39<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The PLA\u2019s mission is to provide \u00ecthe guarantee for maintaining China\u2019s security and unity, and realizing the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way (People\u2019s Liberation Army, Section2.).\u00ee Specifically, the China\u2019s National Defense 2006 lists, &#8220;This includes guarding against and resisting aggression, defending against violation of China\u2019s territorial sea and air space, and borders; opposing and containing the separatist forces for \u00ecTaiwan independence\u00ee and their activities, taking precautions against and cracking down on terrorism, separatism and extremist in all forms (People\u2019s Liberation Army, Section2)&#8221;.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_42');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_42\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>42<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Howarth, 42.\u00a0 Also, Cole, 167.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_43');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_43\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>43<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cole, 82-23.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_44');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_44\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>44<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">US Office of Naval Intelligence,1.\u00a0 Also Cole, 82-23.\u00a0 See Figure3.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_45');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_45\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>45<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">US Office of Naval Intelligence, 27.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_46');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_46\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>46<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Eight new submarines in 2005, and seven in 2006.\u00a0 Many of them are from Russia (O\u2019Rourke, 8).\u00a0 Today, most Chinese submarines are old, noisy and slow, even though its number is large.\u00a0 New modern submarines will eliminate these disadvantage as a submarine (Howarth, 16).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_47');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_47\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>47<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Karl Lautenschlager, \u201cThe Submarine in Naval Warfare, 1901-2001,\u201d International Security 11, no.2 (1986-1987): 94, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/proxy.mbc.edu:2054\/search\/AdvancedSearch.<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_48');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_48\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>48<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Lauthenschlager, 101-102.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_49');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_49\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>49<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Lauthenschlager, 109.\u00a0 Also, Howarth, 69.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_50');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_50\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>50<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">China is ranked as the third in both exports and imports of merchandise.\u00a0 World Trade Organization, \u201cTrade Profile: China,\u201d World Trade organization, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/stat.wto.org\/CountryProfile\/WSDBCountryPFView.aspx?Language=E&amp;Country=CN.<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_51');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_51\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>51<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">US Office of the Secretary of Defense, 8.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_52');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_52\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>52<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Coal is the easiest energy resource for China (actually 70% of primary energy are from coal) since China is self- sufficient in it.\u00a0 However, it causes serious environmental problems such as air pollution and green house effect.\u00a0 Nuclear plants are possible for the future, but the government is afraid of its cost to build and security.\u00a0 Oil is regarded as the most stable for the industry today (Kent C. Calder, \u201cChina\u2019s Energy Diplomacy and Its Geopolitical Implications,\u201d Asia-Pacific Policy Papers Series, no.3, (Washington D.C.: Johns Hopkins University-SAIS, 2006, 4, 17-18, and 20).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_53');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_53\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>53<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Calder, 3.\u00a0 Also, Kane, 64.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_54');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_54\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>54<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Calder, 5-6.\u00a0 According to Cole, China is the fifth largest oil producer (Cole, 55).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_55');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_55\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>55<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Howarth, 26.\u00a0 In addition, this line connects the trade with Europe, too.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_56');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_56\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>56<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Calder, 10.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_57');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_57\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>57<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cole, 169.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_58');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_58\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>58<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cole, 55.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_59');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_59\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>59<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cole, 58-59.\u00a0 According to Hasegawa, it is said that there is a large amount of petroleum (25 billions tons) and natural gas (8,400 billions cubic meter) in the East China Sea (Hasegawa, 288).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_60');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_60\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>60<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cole, 62.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_61');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_61\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>61<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cole, 64.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_62');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_62\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>62<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cole, 38.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_63');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_63\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>63<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cole, 133.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_64');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_64\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>64<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cole, 30.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_65');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_65\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>65<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cole, 31-32.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_66');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_66\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>66<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">There is the pattern that the PLAN takes to get the control over the dispute areas: claim of sovereignty, research, deployment of fleets, and then actual occupation (Hasegawa, 315).\u00a0 Also, the Chinese government takes the stance that any dispute should be solved in the bilateral meetings (Cole, 37, and Hasegawa, 315).\u00a0 This makes possible for China to get more benefits with its military capability than the multilateral conventions.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_324_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_324_1_67');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_324_1_67\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>67<\/a><\/th> <td 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