{"id":343,"date":"2012-10-19T10:00:20","date_gmt":"2012-10-19T01:00:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/wunderkammer.oops.jp\/main\/?p=343"},"modified":"2012-10-19T10:00:20","modified_gmt":"2012-10-19T01:00:20","slug":"%e7%ac%ac4%e7%ab%a0%e3%80%80the-peoples-liberation-armys-navy-of-china-its-strategies-and-impacts-on-the-neighbors","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wunderkammer.oops.jp\/main\/archives\/343","title":{"rendered":"\u7b2c4\u7ae0\u3000The People\u2019s Liberation Army\u2019s Navy of China: Its Strategies and Impacts on the Neighbors"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Chapter4: Impact on Japan<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Japan once dominated\u00a0 whole area of the East and South China Seas and the west Pacific Ocean.\u00a0 If people think the economical growth is the reason of the PLAN\u2019s expansion, it is natural that Japan has modern and strong maritime forces with its strong economic power.\u00a0 Historically, Japan has been a strong sea power.\u00a0 With little natural resources, maritime trade, fishery and shipbuilding industry has contributed to have the strong naval force. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_343_1('footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_343_1('footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_343_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_343_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cole, 150.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_343_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_343_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 Today, the JMSDF inherits the legacy of the Japanese Imperial Navy, even though its size and mission has changed significantly. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_343_1('footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_343_1('footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_343_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_343_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">It is well-known story in Japan that the JMSDF is officially proud of the history of the Japanese Imperial Navy.\u00a0 For example, the JMSDF uses the same flag and songs with its former Navy.\u00a0 Also,&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_343_1('footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_2');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_343_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_343_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 Under the Article 9, the JMSDF determines its missions as \u201ceffective response to the new threats and diverse situations,\u201d \u201cproactive efforts to improve the international security environment,\u201d and \u201cpreparation for full-scale invasion.\u201d\u00a0 <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_343_1('footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_343_1('footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_343_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_343_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Japanese Maritime Self Defense Force, \u201cMission of JMSDF,\u201d JMSDF, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.mod.go.jp\/msdf\/english\/index02.html.<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_343_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_343_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> The first two missions indicate that the JMSDF is a force for the international security, but the Japanese worry about activities of their neighbor states more than terrorism, as the last mission suggests.<\/p>\n<p>First of all, the Japanese leaders\u2019 viewpoints over the Asian security issues are quite cynical.\u00a0 They assume that the situation is less stable than in the Cold War era with many considerations. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_343_1('footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_343_1('footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_343_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_343_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">The Korean Peninsula (including the North Korea\u2019s nuclear issues and the unclear unification process), the Taiwan Straits, and the sea-lane are main concern for Japan (Robert G. Sutter, China\u2019s&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_343_1('footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_4');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_343_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_343_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 Moreover, the Japanese society became more conservative after the Gulf War, and the support for the Self Defense Forces (SDF) is increasing steadily.\u00a0 When the Gulf War broke out, the Japanese government decided to send money but not the personnel.\u00a0 While it was the best Japan could do at that time, since there was no law that allows the SDF to go oversea for any kind of activity, it caused the accusation from the international society.\u00a0 In response to this, the government enacted the PKO (peace keeping operation) cooperation law on June 19, 1992.\u00a0 This law allows sending the SDF troops to oversea for humanitarian purposes under the United Nation.\u00a0 From this point, the SDF has expanded its activities.\u00a0 In addition to the PKO missions, North Korea has also generated the public trend to more conservative direction.\u00a0 The 1998 missile tests shocked the Japanese society because it crossed over the Japanese islands.\u00a0 Furthermore, two suspicious ships entered into the Japanese territory secretly and shot against the JMSDF and the Coast Guard in 1999.\u00a0 These two incidents and other disasters such as the great earthquake and the terrorism targeting the Tokyo metro subway system by the Aum Sinrikyo in 1997 make people think that the SDF is the force to save people.\u00a0 In addition to North Korea, the PLAN\u2019s aggressive behaviors have also provoked the caution in Japan.\u00a0 Even though the PLAN does not have the capability to invade Japan, many Japanese have seen the PLAN\u2019s activities with suspicion. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_343_1('footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_343_1('footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_343_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_343_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Michael D. Swaine, \u201cChina\u2019s Regional Military Posture,\u201d in Power Shift: China and Asia\u2019s New Dynamics, ed. David Shambaugh (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 274.\u00a0 China\u2019s&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_343_1('footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_5');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_343_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_343_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 This trend became the rigid basis of expansion of the SDF missions after 9.11.\u00a0 First, Prime Minister at that time, Junichiro Koizumi, organized more laws which make the SDF complete missions more smoothly and provide more opportunity abroad.\u00a0 By the law enacted in 2003, the SDF was sent to Iraq.\u00a0 Of course, this is not only for the U.S. and the war against terrorism, but it is more to advance Japanese national interests. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_343_1('footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_343_1('footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_343_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_343_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Japan does not see this as a chance to fill the regional power vacuums or to counter China directly (Mike M. Mochizuki, \u201cChina-Japan Relations: Downward Spiral or a New Equilibrium,\u201d in Power&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_343_1('footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_6');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_343_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_343_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 The Japanese people have never suffered from the Islam terrorists, and religion is not so important for many Japanese as for followers of Islam or Christianity.\u00a0 On the other hand, oil is important for the economy, but many think to stabilize the Middle East for oil is not their responsibility. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_343_1('footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_343_1('footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_343_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_343_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Perhaps, they do not care whether the United States controls over the area or Islam-Arab states do, as long as the price of oil is acceptable.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_343_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_343_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 As a result of assisting the U.S. forces, however, the JMSDF has expanded its activity area to the Indian Ocean.\u00a0 This is quite an uncomfortable situation for the PLAN, while Japan also feels uncomfortable with the PLAN\u2019s expansion.\u00a0 This is simply because they share the same sea-lane.\u00a0 Therefore, the Japanese leaders assert the PLAN\u2019s expansion same as the Taiwan government; it is a potential threat for its sea-lane, and they are afraid of possibility of blockade by the PLAN.\u00a0 The Japanese economy depends on trade significantly, and the PLAN\u2019s sphere of activities occupies quite a large portion from the South China Sea to the East China Sea. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_343_1('footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_343_1('footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_343_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_343_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Eric Grove, \u201cSea Power in the Asia-Pacific Region,\u201d 26. W. Lawrence S. Prabhakar, \u201cMaritime Strategic Trends in the Asia-Pacific: Issues and Challenges,\u201d 43. And Hideaki Kaneda, \u201cJapan\u2019s&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_343_1('footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_8');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_343_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_343_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 Moreover, the PLAN has shown its intention to find the route to the Pacific Ocean through the Japanese islands by sending submarines and intelligence ships around Japan. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_343_1('footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_343_1('footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_343_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_343_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Kaneda, 125.\u00a0 According to Kane, the PLAN vessels violated Japan\u2019s EEZ 17 times in the first half of 2000 (Kane, 116).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_343_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_343_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 This is enough to evoke fear in the Japanese people.\u00a0 At last, the PLAN\u2019s strategy of the Second Islands Chain is not acceptable for Japan, because it means that all Japanese EEZ would be under the PLAN\u2019s control.<\/p>\n<p>The possibility of blockade is what Beijing fears, too.\u00a0 Moreover, for the Communist government, which gained public support through fighting against Japan during 1930-40s, the stronger Japanese military power can be the chance to enhance its legitimacy and military activities. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_343_1('footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_343_1('footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_343_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[10]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_343_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Hasegawa, 323.\u00a0 Also, Thomas J. Christensen, \u201cChina; the U.S.-Japan Alliance, and the Security Dilemma in East Asia,\u201d in The Rise of China, ed. Michael E. Brown (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2000),&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_343_1('footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_10');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_343_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_343_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 As the JMSDF becomes more powerful concerning the PLAN\u2019s expansion, the PLAN seeks more power to compete with the JMSDF.\u00a0 In addition, there are competitions over the natural resources in the East China Sea.\u00a0 As the United Nations reported that there is possibility of tremendous natural resources under the water in 1968, the Chinese government suddenly started to claim its sovereignty over the area. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_343_1('footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_343_1('footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_343_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[11]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_343_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Hasegawa, 316.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_343_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_343_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 Such territorial disputes between China and Japan still exist.\u00a0 In this situation, both naval powers see each other as their potential rival.<\/p>\n<p>Japan is the powerful sea power, who dominated Asia once, and this fact is enough for the PLAN to assume that Japan is the most serious threat in the Asian states.\u00a0 Still, the JMSDF is the most modern and powerful force in Asia except for the US Navy, and the PLAN needs more than 20 years to match it. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_343_1('footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_343_1('footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_343_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[12]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_343_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cole, 149.\u00a0 Especially in the field of anti-submarine warfare, anti-air warfare, and electronic warfare (Calder, 26).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_343_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_343_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 Whether the JMSDF can benefit from this advantage or not would depend on the public support of the Japanese people for the security in Asia.\u00a0 If the PLAN is perceived as serious threat for the Japanese security and economy, the JMSDF would expand its missions significantly over the Asian seas.<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_343_1();\">References<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_343_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_343_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_343_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">References<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_343_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_343_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cole, 150.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_343_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_343_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">It is well-known story in Japan that the JMSDF is officially proud of the history of the Japanese Imperial Navy.\u00a0 For example, the JMSDF uses the same flag and songs with its former Navy.\u00a0 Also, the first generation of JMSDF was the former naval officers.\u00a0 This is because the naval force needs more professional personnel than the land force (the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force was founded with the former policemen, not military officers).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_343_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_343_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Japanese Maritime Self Defense Force, \u201cMission of JMSDF,\u201d JMSDF, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.mod.go.jp\/msdf\/english\/index02.html.<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_343_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_343_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The Korean Peninsula (including the North Korea\u2019s nuclear issues and the unclear unification process), the Taiwan Straits, and the sea-lane are main concern for Japan (Robert G. Sutter, China\u2019s Rise in Asia: Promises and Perils (Lamham: Rowman&amp;Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2005), 132-133.\u00a0 Also, Japan Ministry of defense, Defense of Japan 2007 (Tokyo: GPO, 2007), 2).\u00a0 It is interesting to compare that the Chinese government sees Asian security environment as stable (People\u2019s Liberation Army, Section1).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_343_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_343_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Michael D. Swaine, \u201cChina\u2019s Regional Military Posture,\u201d in Power Shift: China and Asia\u2019s New Dynamics, ed. David Shambaugh (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 274.\u00a0 China\u2019s nuclear tests, clashes with the Philippines and Vietnam, the territorial disputes between China and Japan over the Senkaku Islands and military exercise toward Taiwan are included.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_343_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_343_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Japan does not see this as a chance to fill the regional power vacuums or to counter China directly (Mike M. Mochizuki, \u201cChina-Japan Relations: Downward Spiral or a New Equilibrium,\u201d in Power Shift: China and Asia\u2019s New Dynamics, ed. David Shambaugh (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 145).\u00a0 It is motivated mainly to keep the U.S.-Japan alliance.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_343_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_343_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Perhaps, they do not care whether the United States controls over the area or Islam-Arab states do, as long as the price of oil is acceptable.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_343_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_343_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Eric Grove, \u201cSea Power in the Asia-Pacific Region,\u201d 26. W. Lawrence S. Prabhakar, \u201cMaritime Strategic Trends in the Asia-Pacific: Issues and Challenges,\u201d 43. And Hideaki Kaneda, \u201cJapan\u2019s National Maritime Doctrines and Capabilities,\u201d 124.\u00a0 All in The Evolving Maritime Balance of Power in the Asia-Pacific: Maritime Doctrines and Nuclear Weapons at Sea, ed. Lawrence W. Parabhakar, Joshua H. Ho and Sam Bateman (Singapore: Institute of Defense and Strategic Studies, 2006).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_343_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_343_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Kaneda, 125.\u00a0 According to Kane, the PLAN vessels violated Japan\u2019s EEZ 17 times in the first half of 2000 (Kane, 116).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_343_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_343_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Hasegawa, 323.\u00a0 Also, Thomas J. Christensen, \u201cChina; the U.S.-Japan Alliance, and the Security Dilemma in East Asia,\u201d in The Rise of China, ed. Michael E. Brown (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2000), 140.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_343_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_343_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Hasegawa, 316.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_343_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_343_1_12');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_343_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cole, 149.\u00a0 Especially in the field of anti-submarine warfare, anti-air warfare, and electronic warfare (Calder, 26).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_343_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_343_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_343_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_343_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_343_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_343_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_343_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_343_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_343_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_343_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_343_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_343_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_343_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_343_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Chapter4: Impact on Japan Japan once dominated\u00a0 whole area of the East and South China Seas and the west Pacif [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13,11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-343","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-13","category-11"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wunderkammer.oops.jp\/main\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/343","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wunderkammer.oops.jp\/main\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wunderkammer.oops.jp\/main\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wunderkammer.oops.jp\/main\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wunderkammer.oops.jp\/main\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=343"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/wunderkammer.oops.jp\/main\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/343\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":346,"href":"https:\/\/wunderkammer.oops.jp\/main\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/343\/revisions\/346"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wunderkammer.oops.jp\/main\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=343"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wunderkammer.oops.jp\/main\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=343"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wunderkammer.oops.jp\/main\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=343"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}