{"id":454,"date":"2012-10-26T09:13:33","date_gmt":"2012-10-26T00:13:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/wunderkammer.oops.jp\/main\/?p=454"},"modified":"2012-10-26T09:13:33","modified_gmt":"2012-10-26T00:13:33","slug":"%e7%ac%ac%ef%bc%95%e7%ab%a0%e3%80%80the-peoples-liberation-armys-navy-of-china-its-strategies-and-impacts-on-the-neighbors","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wunderkammer.oops.jp\/main\/archives\/454","title":{"rendered":"\u7b2c\uff15\u7ae0\u3000The People\u2019s Liberation Army\u2019s Navy of China: Its Strategies and Impacts on the Neighbors"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Chapter5: Impact on India<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The PLAN\u2019s expansion also influences India, which shares only land border, but not the oceanic one.\u00a0 Historically, the confrontation between them happened along their land border.\u00a0 But their naval rivalry also has increased as the PLAN expands to the Indian Ocean.\u00a0 Because the Indian Ocean is \u201daway\u201d for the PLAN, the confrontation involves some other countries.<\/p>\n<p>At first, the relation between China and India is different from the relation between China and Taiwan or Japan, because India is a member of the nuclear club.\u00a0 Therefore, China concerns most the Indian nuclear capability and cannot ignore the their reaction. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_454_1('footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_454_1('footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_454_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cole, 171.\u00a0 Also, John W. Garver, \u201cChina\u2019s Influence in Central and South Asia: Is It Increasing?,\u201d in Power Shift: China and Asia\u2019s New Dynamics, ed. David Shambaugh (Berkeley: University&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_454_1('footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_1');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_454_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 Moreover, since they do not share the oceanic border, the naval confrontation is not so obvious yet.\u00a0 It is easy to understand that the PLAN, which has difficulty to seize the control even in the First Islands Chain, cannot have a full influence in the Indian Ocean.\u00a0 The PLAN, however, enhances its capability in this area steadily.\u00a0 Today\u2019s situation can be said that both sides are cautious with each other, avoiding direct rivalry.<\/p>\n<p>At the same time the PLAN develops its capability, India has also modernized its military capability to deal with China and Pakistan. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_454_1('footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_454_1('footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_454_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Swaine, 278.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_454_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 The Indian Navy determines that security of the Indian Ocean is the most important from both national security and economic reason. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_454_1('footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_454_1('footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_454_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Lal, 42.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_454_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 In addition to this kind of common motivation, India also deprives the need of a strong Navy from its history; New Delhi thinks that their lack of sea power caused the colonization of India. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_454_1('footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_454_1('footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_454_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Vijay Sakhuja, \u201cIndian Navy: Keeping Pace with Emerging Challenges,\u201d in The Evolving Maritime Balance of Power in the Asia-Pacific: Maritime Doctrines and Nuclear Weapons at Sea, ed. Lawrence W.&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_454_1('footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_4');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_454_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 To protect their homeland and national interests, India has developed the Navy.\u00a0 Compared with the PLAN, however, the Indian Navy is more reactive.\u00a0 India prefers to use its power to keep the status quo. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_454_1('footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_454_1('footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_454_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Stephen P. Cohen, India: Emerging Power (Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2001), 154.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_454_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 Therefore, its development is counteracting as the PLAN expands.\u00a0 Contrary to the Chinese perspective that India is not a threat, India sees China as an aggressive, undemocratic power. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_454_1('footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_454_1('footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_454_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Sutter, \u201cChina\u2019s Rise in Asia: Promises and Perils,\u201d 240.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_454_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 Of course, we cannot ignore the fact that there is some patriotism as a great power in India.\u00a0 Today, the Indian Navy is the largest in the Indian Ocean and they believe that there is their own sphere of influence. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_454_1('footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_454_1('footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_454_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Sakhuja, 95 and 112.\u00a0 Also, Donald L. Berlin, \u201cIndia in the Indian ocean,\u201d Naval War College Review 59, no.2 (2006): 60,&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_454_1('footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_7');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_454_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 From Chinese point of view, this situation that the Indian Navy has strong influence over the Indian Ocean, where more than a half of Chinese sea-lane passes, is uncomfortable, even though the Chinese do not think India will be the possible rival. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_454_1('footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_454_1('footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_454_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Sutter, \u201cChina\u2019s Rise in Asia: Promises and Perils,\u201d 240.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_454_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 To change this situation, the PLAN chose to have allies, so that it can have influence over this area.\u00a0 China\u2019s two allies are Pakistan and Burma.<\/p>\n<p>The Chinese government keeps strong ties with these states, and these ties make possible for the PLAN to have operation in the Indian Ocean with protected ports. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_454_1('footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_454_1('footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_454_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Garver, 217. Shift power.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_454_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 First, the tie between China and Burma is very strong.\u00a0 While major states imposed sanctions on Burma for its repression against prodemocracy movements, China has offered the protection in the international community, military support, and economic support. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_454_1('footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_454_1('footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[10]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_454_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Garver, 218-219.\u00a0 Power shift.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_454_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 These generous supports produce the strong willingness to follow the Chinese way in the Burmese government.\u00a0 In return, China enhances the influence in the Bay of Bengal, and it will allow the PLAN to launch into the Indian Ocean. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_454_1('footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_454_1('footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[11]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_454_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Garver, 219-220.\u00a0 Also, Cohen, 253-254.\u00a0 According to Hasegawa, the PLAN built a base in the Great Coco Islands.\u00a0 India became more cautious toward China, and as a reaction to this, the Indian&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_454_1('footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_11');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_454_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>Pakistan also provides safe ports for the PLAN.\u00a0 The link between China and Pakistan has long history (over 40 years). <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_454_1('footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_454_1('footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[12]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_454_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Garver, 213.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_454_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 The relation is also based on Chinese military supports. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_454_1('footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_454_1('footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[13]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_454_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cohen, 209, 259-260.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_454_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 As China gets naval ports in Burma by providing supports, the PLAN has the safe ports in Pakistan.\u00a0 For example, the PLAN is constructing a new naval base at Gwadar. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_454_1('footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_454_1('footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[14]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_454_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Bill Gertz, \u201cChina Builds up Strategic Sea Lanes,\u201d The Washington Times, January 18, 2005, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.gwadarcorner.com.\u00a0<\/span> Also, Prabhakar, 51-52.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_454_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>\u00a0 With this base, the PLAN will enhance its influence in the eastern Indian Ocean, which is close to the Persian Gulf.<\/p>\n<p>If the PLAN keeps enhancing its power in both Burma and Pakistan territory, the Indian Navy would be sandwiched by the Chinese power, and the Indian sea-lane would be under the PLAN\u2019s control.\u00a0 India needs to develop its navy to confront this challenge.\u00a0 However, there are other actors who also have some influence in this area.\u00a0 Japan is one of them, sending its vessels to support the U.S. operations in Afghanistan and Iraq.\u00a0 Moreover, the U.S., which is the most powerful actor in the whole Asian Seas, cannot be ignored.<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_454_1();\">References<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_454_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_454_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_454_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">References<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_454_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cole, 171.\u00a0 Also, John W. Garver, \u201cChina\u2019s Influence in Central and South Asia: Is It Increasing?,\u201d in Power Shift: China and Asia\u2019s New Dynamics, ed. David Shambaugh (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 221.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_454_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Swaine, 278.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_454_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Lal, 42.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_454_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Vijay Sakhuja, \u201cIndian Navy: Keeping Pace with Emerging Challenges,\u201d in The Evolving Maritime Balance of Power in the Asia-Pacific: Maritime Doctrines and Nuclear Weapons at Sea, ed. Lawrence W. Parabhakar, Joshua H. Ho and Sam Bateman (Singapore: Institute of Defense and Strategic Studies, 2006), 95.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_454_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Stephen P. Cohen, India: Emerging Power (Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2001), 154.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi\" ><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_454_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_6');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6,<\/a> <a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_454_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_8');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Sutter, \u201cChina\u2019s Rise in Asia: Promises and Perils,\u201d 240.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_454_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Sakhuja, 95 and 112.\u00a0 Also, Donald L. Berlin, \u201cIndia in the Indian ocean,\u201d Naval War College Review 59, no.2 (2006): 60, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/proxy.mbc.edu:2263\/itx\/start.do?prodId=AONE&amp;userGroupName=mbaldwin.<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_454_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Garver, 217. Shift power.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_454_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Garver, 218-219.\u00a0 Power shift.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_454_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Garver, 219-220.\u00a0 Also, Cohen, 253-254.\u00a0 According to Hasegawa, the PLAN built a base in the Great Coco Islands.\u00a0 India became more cautious toward China, and as a reaction to this, the Indian Navy seemed to deploy new fleet in the Andaman Islands (Hasegawa, 312).\u00a0 Moreover, Beijing precedes construction of a road from southern China to Burma, so that it can be the alternative trade line instead of unsafe Malacca Strait (Prabhakar, 52. Also, Daniel Metraux, China Today (New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 2007), 124).\u00a0 However, the relation between India and Burma also has tightened in these days.\u00a0 In 2004, pro-China Khin Nyunt was placed under house arrest, then the Burmese government has become more generous to India.\u00a0 For example, they had joint military operations, and became the membership in the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Techinical and Economic Cooperation.\u00a0 Noteworthy, this organization does not include both China and Pakistan (Berlin, 75).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_454_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_12');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Garver, 213.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_454_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_13');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_13\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cohen, 209, 259-260.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_454_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_454_1_14');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_454_1_14\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Bill Gertz, \u201cChina Builds up Strategic Sea Lanes,\u201d The Washington Times, January 18, 2005, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.gwadarcorner.com.\u00a0<\/span> Also, Prabhakar, 51-52.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_454_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_454_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_454_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_454_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_454_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_454_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_454_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_454_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_454_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_454_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_454_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_454_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_454_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_454_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Chapter5: Impact on India The PLAN\u2019s expansion also influences India, which shares only land border, but not t [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13,11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-454","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-13","category-11"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wunderkammer.oops.jp\/main\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/454","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wunderkammer.oops.jp\/main\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wunderkammer.oops.jp\/main\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wunderkammer.oops.jp\/main\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wunderkammer.oops.jp\/main\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=454"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/wunderkammer.oops.jp\/main\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/454\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":457,"href":"https:\/\/wunderkammer.oops.jp\/main\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/454\/revisions\/457"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wunderkammer.oops.jp\/main\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=454"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wunderkammer.oops.jp\/main\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=454"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wunderkammer.oops.jp\/main\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=454"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}